Target Water Quality Ranges and species-specific restriction bands for 27 constituents, extracted directly from the Department of Water Affairs & Forestry's 2nd-edition guideline. Each parameter is scored independently per species -- sheep, cattle, dairy cattle (pregnant & lactating), other ruminants, monogastrics (pigs), and poultry -- since tolerance varies significantly between them.
TDS(mg/L) = EC(mS/m at 25C) x 6.5 (document conversion factor, true range 5.5-7.5). Source uses a 4-symbol severity scale (a row of 4 circles, each open or filled); mapped here so that 1-2 filled symbols = caution and 3-4 filled symbols = severe, consistent with the 3-symbol chapters elsewhere in this guideline. 'Mild'/'Moderate' and 'Significant decline'/'Extreme' prefixes in effect_text preserve the finer within-tier distinctions the source makes.
| Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 1 000 | Target Water Quality Range -- no significant adverse effects. Immediate access allowed without any previous exposure to saline waters |
| 1 000 - 2 000 | Target Water Quality Range -- no significant adverse effects. Immediate access allowed without any previous exposure to saline waters |
| 2 000 - 3 000 | Target Water Quality Range -- no significant adverse effects. Immediate access allowed without any previous exposure to saline waters |
| 3 000 - 4 000 | Mild: possible initial reluctance to drink, but should be temporary with no significant adverse effects if stock have had previous exposure to saline water (TDS approximately 50% of this range); without prior exposure, initial reluctance may cause a decline in water intake and production, though stock should adapt within about a week and return to normal production |
| 4 000 - 5 000 | Mild: possible initial reluctance to drink, but should be temporary with no significant adverse effects if stock have had previous exposure to saline water (TDS approximately 50% of this range); without prior exposure, initial reluctance may cause a decline in water intake and production, though stock should adapt within about a week and return to normal production |
| 5 000 - 6 000 | Mild: possible initial reluctance to drink, but should be temporary with no significant adverse effects if stock have had previous exposure to saline water (TDS approximately 50% of this range); without prior exposure, initial reluctance may cause a decline in water intake and production, though stock should adapt within about a week and return to normal production |
| 6 000 - 7 000 | Moderate: care should be taken when allowing access, especially in intensive systems. Initial reluctance to drink may reduce water intake and production, but stock should adapt within about a week (given previous exposure to saline water at approximately 50% of this range) and return to normal production; increased need to adapt stock to salinity levels |
| 7 000 - 10 000 | Moderate: care should be taken when allowing access, especially in intensive systems. Initial reluctance to drink may reduce water intake and production, but stock should adapt within about a week (given previous exposure to saline water at approximately 50% of this range) and return to normal production; increased need to adapt stock to salinity levels |
| 10 000 - 13 000 | Moderate: care should be taken when allowing access, especially in intensive systems. Initial reluctance to drink may reduce water intake and production, but stock should adapt within about a week (given previous exposure to saline water at approximately 50% of this range) and return to normal production; increased need to adapt stock to salinity levels |
| > 13 000 | Significant decline: production will in all likelihood decline significantly. Stock should survive at maintenance level and recover once offered water within the TWQR, provided exposure is not too long; some species can tolerate this range once adapted. Immediate access allowed only with previous exposure to saline water (approximately 50% TDS) for limited periods |
| Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 1 000 | Target Water Quality Range -- no significant adverse effects. Immediate access allowed without any previous exposure to saline waters |
| 1 000 - 2 000 | Target Water Quality Range -- no significant adverse effects. Immediate access allowed without any previous exposure to saline waters |
| 2 000 - 3 000 | Mild: possible initial reluctance to drink, but should be temporary with no significant adverse effects if stock have had previous exposure to saline water (TDS approximately 50% of this range); without prior exposure, initial reluctance may cause a decline in water intake and production, though stock should adapt within about a week and return to normal production |
| 3 000 - 4 000 | Mild: possible initial reluctance to drink, but should be temporary with no significant adverse effects if stock have had previous exposure to saline water (TDS approximately 50% of this range); without prior exposure, initial reluctance may cause a decline in water intake and production, though stock should adapt within about a week and return to normal production |
| 4 000 - 5 000 | Mild: possible initial reluctance to drink, but should be temporary with no significant adverse effects if stock have had previous exposure to saline water (TDS approximately 50% of this range); without prior exposure, initial reluctance may cause a decline in water intake and production, though stock should adapt within about a week and return to normal production |
| 5 000 - 6 000 | Mild: possible initial reluctance to drink, but should be temporary with no significant adverse effects if stock have had previous exposure to saline water (TDS approximately 50% of this range); without prior exposure, initial reluctance may cause a decline in water intake and production, though stock should adapt within about a week and return to normal production |
| 6 000 - 7 000 | Moderate: care should be taken when allowing access, especially in intensive systems. Initial reluctance to drink may reduce water intake and production, but stock should adapt within about a week (given previous exposure to saline water at approximately 50% of this range) and return to normal production; increased need to adapt stock to salinity levels |
| 7 000 - 10 000 | Significant decline: production will in all likelihood decline significantly. Stock should survive at maintenance level and recover once offered water within the TWQR, provided exposure is not too long; some species can tolerate this range once adapted. Immediate access allowed only with previous exposure to saline water (approximately 50% TDS) for limited periods |
| 10 000 - 13 000 | Extreme: extreme caution should be taken when allowing stock access to these ranges. Some species can tolerate once adapted. No immediate access allowed -- stock must be adapted incrementally to the water source |
| > 13 000 | Extreme: extreme caution should be taken when allowing stock access to these ranges. Some species can tolerate once adapted. No immediate access allowed -- stock must be adapted incrementally to the water source |
| Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 1 000 | Target Water Quality Range -- no significant adverse effects. Immediate access allowed without any previous exposure to saline waters |
| 1 000 - 2 000 | Target Water Quality Range -- no significant adverse effects. Immediate access allowed without any previous exposure to saline waters |
| 2 000 - 3 000 | Mild: possible initial reluctance to drink, but should be temporary with no significant adverse effects if stock have had previous exposure to saline water (TDS approximately 50% of this range); without prior exposure, initial reluctance may cause a decline in water intake and production, though stock should adapt within about a week and return to normal production |
| 3 000 - 4 000 | Moderate: care should be taken when allowing access, especially in intensive systems. Initial reluctance to drink may reduce water intake and production, but stock should adapt within about a week (given previous exposure to saline water at approximately 50% of this range) and return to normal production; increased need to adapt stock to salinity levels |
| 4 000 - 5 000 | Moderate: care should be taken when allowing access, especially in intensive systems. Initial reluctance to drink may reduce water intake and production, but stock should adapt within about a week (given previous exposure to saline water at approximately 50% of this range) and return to normal production; increased need to adapt stock to salinity levels |
| 5 000 - 6 000 | Moderate: care should be taken when allowing access, especially in intensive systems. Initial reluctance to drink may reduce water intake and production, but stock should adapt within about a week (given previous exposure to saline water at approximately 50% of this range) and return to normal production; increased need to adapt stock to salinity levels |
| 6 000 - 7 000 | Significant decline: production will in all likelihood decline significantly. Stock should survive at maintenance level and recover once offered water within the TWQR, provided exposure is not too long; some species can tolerate this range once adapted. Immediate access allowed only with previous exposure to saline water (approximately 50% TDS) for limited periods |
| 7 000 - 10 000 | Extreme: extreme caution should be taken when allowing stock access to these ranges. Some species can tolerate once adapted. No immediate access allowed -- stock must be adapted incrementally to the water source |
| 10 000 - 13 000 | Extreme: extreme caution should be taken when allowing stock access to these ranges. Some species can tolerate once adapted. No immediate access allowed -- stock must be adapted incrementally to the water source |
| > 13 000 | Extreme: extreme caution should be taken when allowing stock access to these ranges. Some species can tolerate once adapted. No immediate access allowed -- stock must be adapted incrementally to the water source |
| Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 1 000 | Target Water Quality Range -- no significant adverse effects. Immediate access allowed without any previous exposure to saline waters |
| 1 000 - 2 000 | Mild: possible initial reluctance to drink, but should be temporary with no significant adverse effects if stock have had previous exposure to saline water (TDS approximately 50% of this range); without prior exposure, initial reluctance may cause a decline in water intake and production, though stock should adapt within about a week and return to normal production |
| 2 000 - 3 000 | Mild: possible initial reluctance to drink, but should be temporary with no significant adverse effects if stock have had previous exposure to saline water (TDS approximately 50% of this range); without prior exposure, initial reluctance may cause a decline in water intake and production, though stock should adapt within about a week and return to normal production |
| 3 000 - 4 000 | Moderate: care should be taken when allowing access, especially in intensive systems. Initial reluctance to drink may reduce water intake and production, but stock should adapt within about a week (given previous exposure to saline water at approximately 50% of this range) and return to normal production; increased need to adapt stock to salinity levels |
| 4 000 - 5 000 | Significant decline: production will in all likelihood decline significantly. Stock should survive at maintenance level and recover once offered water within the TWQR, provided exposure is not too long; some species can tolerate this range once adapted. Immediate access allowed only with previous exposure to saline water (approximately 50% TDS) for limited periods |
| 5 000 - 6 000 | Significant decline: production will in all likelihood decline significantly. Stock should survive at maintenance level and recover once offered water within the TWQR, provided exposure is not too long; some species can tolerate this range once adapted. Immediate access allowed only with previous exposure to saline water (approximately 50% TDS) for limited periods |
| 6 000 - 7 000 | Extreme: extreme caution should be taken when allowing stock access to these ranges. Some species can tolerate once adapted. No immediate access allowed -- stock must be adapted incrementally to the water source |
| 7 000 - 10 000 | Extreme: extreme caution should be taken when allowing stock access to these ranges. Some species can tolerate once adapted. No immediate access allowed -- stock must be adapted incrementally to the water source |
| 10 000 - 13 000 | Extreme: extreme caution should be taken when allowing stock access to these ranges. Some species can tolerate once adapted. No immediate access allowed -- stock must be adapted incrementally to the water source |
| > 13 000 | Extreme: extreme caution should be taken when allowing stock access to these ranges. Some species can tolerate once adapted. No immediate access allowed -- stock must be adapted incrementally to the water source |
| Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 1 000 | Target Water Quality Range -- no significant adverse effects. Immediate access allowed without any previous exposure to saline waters |
| 1 000 - 2 000 | Mild: possible initial reluctance to drink, but should be temporary with no significant adverse effects if stock have had previous exposure to saline water (TDS approximately 50% of this range); without prior exposure, initial reluctance may cause a decline in water intake and production, though stock should adapt within about a week and return to normal production |
| 2 000 - 3 000 | Moderate: care should be taken when allowing access, especially in intensive systems. Initial reluctance to drink may reduce water intake and production, but stock should adapt within about a week (given previous exposure to saline water at approximately 50% of this range) and return to normal production; increased need to adapt stock to salinity levels |
| 3 000 - 4 000 | Significant decline: production will in all likelihood decline significantly. Stock should survive at maintenance level and recover once offered water within the TWQR, provided exposure is not too long; some species can tolerate this range once adapted. Immediate access allowed only with previous exposure to saline water (approximately 50% TDS) for limited periods |
| 4 000 - 5 000 | Extreme: extreme caution should be taken when allowing stock access to these ranges. Some species can tolerate once adapted. No immediate access allowed -- stock must be adapted incrementally to the water source |
| 5 000 - 6 000 | Extreme: extreme caution should be taken when allowing stock access to these ranges. Some species can tolerate once adapted. No immediate access allowed -- stock must be adapted incrementally to the water source |
| 6 000 - 7 000 | Extreme: extreme caution should be taken when allowing stock access to these ranges. Some species can tolerate once adapted. No immediate access allowed -- stock must be adapted incrementally to the water source |
| 7 000 - 10 000 | Extreme: extreme caution should be taken when allowing stock access to these ranges. Some species can tolerate once adapted. No immediate access allowed -- stock must be adapted incrementally to the water source |
| 10 000 - 13 000 | Extreme: extreme caution should be taken when allowing stock access to these ranges. Some species can tolerate once adapted. No immediate access allowed -- stock must be adapted incrementally to the water source |
| > 13 000 | Extreme: extreme caution should be taken when allowing stock access to these ranges. Some species can tolerate once adapted. No immediate access allowed -- stock must be adapted incrementally to the water source |
Criteria are given in terms of nitrate concentration (mg/L); nitrite is the toxic reduced form produced via bacterial reduction of nitrate in the rumen (or caecum in horses).
| Nitrate/Nitrite (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 100 | Target Water Quality Range -- no adverse effects |
| 100 - 200 | Target Water Quality Range -- no adverse effects |
| 200 - 400 | Adverse effects such as restlessness, frequent urination, dyspnoea, cyanosis associated with methaemoglobinemia, and decreased feed and water intake associated with adverse palatability effects may occur, but can be tolerated with normal feed concentration, adequate carbohydrate intake, and short-term exposure. Could even be tolerated long-term depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions, micro-organism adaptation, and water requirement |
| > 400 | Adverse chronic effects (as above) and acute effects such as severe gastroenteritis in non-ruminants and acute methaemoglobinemia in ruminants (severe dyspnoea and cyanosis) may occur. May be tolerated under certain conditions, depending on site-specific factors such as carbohydrate levels, TDS and sulphate concentrations in the water, and the type of rumen micro-organisms present |
| Nitrate/Nitrite (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 100 | Target Water Quality Range -- no adverse effects |
| 100 - 200 | Target Water Quality Range -- no adverse effects |
| 200 - 400 | Adverse chronic effects (as above) and acute effects such as severe gastroenteritis in non-ruminants and acute methaemoglobinemia in ruminants (severe dyspnoea and cyanosis) may occur. May be tolerated under certain conditions, depending on site-specific factors such as carbohydrate levels, TDS and sulphate concentrations in the water, and the type of rumen micro-organisms present |
| > 400 | Adverse chronic effects (as above) and acute effects such as severe gastroenteritis in non-ruminants and acute methaemoglobinemia in ruminants (severe dyspnoea and cyanosis) may occur. May be tolerated under certain conditions, depending on site-specific factors such as carbohydrate levels, TDS and sulphate concentrations in the water, and the type of rumen micro-organisms present |
| Nitrate/Nitrite (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 100 | Target Water Quality Range -- no adverse effects |
| 100 - 200 | Adverse effects such as restlessness, frequent urination, dyspnoea, cyanosis associated with methaemoglobinemia, and decreased feed and water intake associated with adverse palatability effects may occur, but can be tolerated with normal feed concentration, adequate carbohydrate intake, and short-term exposure. Could even be tolerated long-term depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions, micro-organism adaptation, and water requirement |
| 200 - 400 | Adverse chronic effects (as above) and acute effects such as severe gastroenteritis in non-ruminants and acute methaemoglobinemia in ruminants (severe dyspnoea and cyanosis) may occur. May be tolerated under certain conditions, depending on site-specific factors such as carbohydrate levels, TDS and sulphate concentrations in the water, and the type of rumen micro-organisms present |
| > 400 | Adverse chronic effects (as above) and acute effects such as severe gastroenteritis in non-ruminants and acute methaemoglobinemia in ruminants (severe dyspnoea and cyanosis) may occur. May be tolerated under certain conditions, depending on site-specific factors such as carbohydrate levels, TDS and sulphate concentrations in the water, and the type of rumen micro-organisms present |
| Nitrate/Nitrite (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 100 | Target Water Quality Range -- no adverse effects |
| 100 - 200 | Adverse chronic effects (as above) and acute effects such as severe gastroenteritis in non-ruminants and acute methaemoglobinemia in ruminants (severe dyspnoea and cyanosis) may occur. May be tolerated under certain conditions, depending on site-specific factors such as carbohydrate levels, TDS and sulphate concentrations in the water, and the type of rumen micro-organisms present |
| 200 - 400 | Adverse chronic effects (as above) and acute effects such as severe gastroenteritis in non-ruminants and acute methaemoglobinemia in ruminants (severe dyspnoea and cyanosis) may occur. May be tolerated under certain conditions, depending on site-specific factors such as carbohydrate levels, TDS and sulphate concentrations in the water, and the type of rumen micro-organisms present |
| > 400 | Adverse chronic effects (as above) and acute effects such as severe gastroenteritis in non-ruminants and acute methaemoglobinemia in ruminants (severe dyspnoea and cyanosis) may occur. May be tolerated under certain conditions, depending on site-specific factors such as carbohydrate levels, TDS and sulphate concentrations in the water, and the type of rumen micro-organisms present |
| Chloride (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 1500 | Target Water Quality Range -- no adverse effects |
| 1500 - 2000 | Target Water Quality Range -- no adverse effects |
| 2000 - 3000 | Target Water Quality Range -- no adverse effects |
| 3000 - 4000 | Mild: adverse chronic effects such as decreased feed and water intake and a decline in productivity may occur, but are unlikely; effects that do occur will most likely be temporary and normal production should continue once stock are adapted; see TDS |
| 4000 - 5000 | Moderate: adverse chronic effects such as decreased feed and water intake, weight loss and a decline in productivity may occur, but will most likely be temporary and normal production should continue once stock are adapted; see TDS |
| 5000 - 6000 | Moderate: adverse chronic effects such as decreased feed and water intake, weight loss and a decline in productivity may occur, but will most likely be temporary and normal production should continue once stock are adapted; see TDS |
| > 6000 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as osmotic disturbances, hypertension, dehydration, renal damage and salt poisoning may occur. May be tolerated for shorter exposure time depending on site-specific factors and adaptation. Stock may subsist under certain conditions, but production will in all likelihood decline; see TDS |
| Chloride (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 1500 | Target Water Quality Range -- no adverse effects |
| 1500 - 2000 | Target Water Quality Range -- no adverse effects |
| 2000 - 3000 | Target Water Quality Range -- no adverse effects |
| 3000 - 4000 | Mild: adverse chronic effects such as decreased feed and water intake and a decline in productivity may occur, but are unlikely; effects that do occur will most likely be temporary and normal production should continue once stock are adapted; see TDS |
| 4000 - 5000 | Moderate: adverse chronic effects such as decreased feed and water intake, weight loss and a decline in productivity may occur, but will most likely be temporary and normal production should continue once stock are adapted; see TDS |
| 5000 - 6000 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as osmotic disturbances, hypertension, dehydration, renal damage and salt poisoning may occur. May be tolerated for shorter exposure time depending on site-specific factors and adaptation. Stock may subsist under certain conditions, but production will in all likelihood decline; see TDS |
| > 6000 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as osmotic disturbances, hypertension, dehydration, renal damage and salt poisoning may occur. May be tolerated for shorter exposure time depending on site-specific factors and adaptation. Stock may subsist under certain conditions, but production will in all likelihood decline; see TDS |
| Chloride (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 1500 | Target Water Quality Range -- no adverse effects |
| 1500 - 2000 | Target Water Quality Range -- no adverse effects |
| 2000 - 3000 | Target Water Quality Range -- no adverse effects |
| 3000 - 4000 | Mild: adverse chronic effects such as decreased feed and water intake and a decline in productivity may occur, but are unlikely; effects that do occur will most likely be temporary and normal production should continue once stock are adapted; see TDS |
| 4000 - 5000 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as osmotic disturbances, hypertension, dehydration, renal damage and salt poisoning may occur. May be tolerated for shorter exposure time depending on site-specific factors and adaptation. Stock may subsist under certain conditions, but production will in all likelihood decline; see TDS |
| 5000 - 6000 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as osmotic disturbances, hypertension, dehydration, renal damage and salt poisoning may occur. May be tolerated for shorter exposure time depending on site-specific factors and adaptation. Stock may subsist under certain conditions, but production will in all likelihood decline; see TDS |
| > 6000 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as osmotic disturbances, hypertension, dehydration, renal damage and salt poisoning may occur. May be tolerated for shorter exposure time depending on site-specific factors and adaptation. Stock may subsist under certain conditions, but production will in all likelihood decline; see TDS |
| Chloride (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 1500 | Target Water Quality Range -- no adverse effects |
| 1500 - 2000 | Target Water Quality Range -- no adverse effects |
| 2000 - 3000 | Target Water Quality Range -- no adverse effects |
| 3000 - 4000 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as osmotic disturbances, hypertension, dehydration, renal damage and salt poisoning may occur. May be tolerated for shorter exposure time depending on site-specific factors and adaptation. Stock may subsist under certain conditions, but production will in all likelihood decline; see TDS |
| 4000 - 5000 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as osmotic disturbances, hypertension, dehydration, renal damage and salt poisoning may occur. May be tolerated for shorter exposure time depending on site-specific factors and adaptation. Stock may subsist under certain conditions, but production will in all likelihood decline; see TDS |
| 5000 - 6000 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as osmotic disturbances, hypertension, dehydration, renal damage and salt poisoning may occur. May be tolerated for shorter exposure time depending on site-specific factors and adaptation. Stock may subsist under certain conditions, but production will in all likelihood decline; see TDS |
| > 6000 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as osmotic disturbances, hypertension, dehydration, renal damage and salt poisoning may occur. May be tolerated for shorter exposure time depending on site-specific factors and adaptation. Stock may subsist under certain conditions, but production will in all likelihood decline; see TDS |
| Chloride (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 1500 | Target Water Quality Range -- no adverse effects |
| 1500 - 2000 | Mild: adverse chronic effects such as decreased feed and water intake and a decline in productivity may occur, but are unlikely; effects that do occur will most likely be temporary and normal production should continue once stock are adapted; see TDS |
| 2000 - 3000 | Moderate: adverse chronic effects such as decreased feed and water intake, weight loss and a decline in productivity may occur, but will most likely be temporary and normal production should continue once stock are adapted; see TDS |
| 3000 - 4000 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as osmotic disturbances, hypertension, dehydration, renal damage and salt poisoning may occur. May be tolerated for shorter exposure time depending on site-specific factors and adaptation. Stock may subsist under certain conditions, but production will in all likelihood decline; see TDS |
| 4000 - 5000 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as osmotic disturbances, hypertension, dehydration, renal damage and salt poisoning may occur. May be tolerated for shorter exposure time depending on site-specific factors and adaptation. Stock may subsist under certain conditions, but production will in all likelihood decline; see TDS |
| 5000 - 6000 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as osmotic disturbances, hypertension, dehydration, renal damage and salt poisoning may occur. May be tolerated for shorter exposure time depending on site-specific factors and adaptation. Stock may subsist under certain conditions, but production will in all likelihood decline; see TDS |
| > 6000 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as osmotic disturbances, hypertension, dehydration, renal damage and salt poisoning may occur. May be tolerated for shorter exposure time depending on site-specific factors and adaptation. Stock may subsist under certain conditions, but production will in all likelihood decline; see TDS |
| Chloride (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 1500 | Target Water Quality Range -- no adverse effects |
| 1500 - 2000 | Mild: adverse chronic effects such as decreased feed and water intake and a decline in productivity may occur, but are unlikely; effects that do occur will most likely be temporary and normal production should continue once stock are adapted; see TDS |
| 2000 - 3000 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as osmotic disturbances, hypertension, dehydration, renal damage and salt poisoning may occur. May be tolerated for shorter exposure time depending on site-specific factors and adaptation. Stock may subsist under certain conditions, but production will in all likelihood decline; see TDS |
| 3000 - 4000 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as osmotic disturbances, hypertension, dehydration, renal damage and salt poisoning may occur. May be tolerated for shorter exposure time depending on site-specific factors and adaptation. Stock may subsist under certain conditions, but production will in all likelihood decline; see TDS |
| 4000 - 5000 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as osmotic disturbances, hypertension, dehydration, renal damage and salt poisoning may occur. May be tolerated for shorter exposure time depending on site-specific factors and adaptation. Stock may subsist under certain conditions, but production will in all likelihood decline; see TDS |
| 5000 - 6000 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as osmotic disturbances, hypertension, dehydration, renal damage and salt poisoning may occur. May be tolerated for shorter exposure time depending on site-specific factors and adaptation. Stock may subsist under certain conditions, but production will in all likelihood decline; see TDS |
| > 6000 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as osmotic disturbances, hypertension, dehydration, renal damage and salt poisoning may occur. May be tolerated for shorter exposure time depending on site-specific factors and adaptation. Stock may subsist under certain conditions, but production will in all likelihood decline; see TDS |
Source table uses descriptive (non-symbol) tiers, verified against the page image (not garbled extraction). The table shows monogastrics reaching severe effects (crippling, lameness, weight loss) at a lower range (4-6 mg/L) than ruminants (> 12 mg/L), despite the chapter's background text separately describing dairy cattle (a ruminant) as the most fluoride-sensitive livestock -- this is a genuine feature of the printed source, not an extraction artefact.
| Fluoride (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 2 | No adverse effects |
| 2 - 4 | No adverse effects |
| 4 - 6 | Adverse effects may occur |
| 6 - 12 | Adverse chronic effects associated with dental fluorosis in young livestock and skeletal fluorosis in mature livestock (mottling of teeth, enamel hypoplasia, decreased feed and water intake, decline in productivity) may occur with continuous long-term exposure, but are unlikely if feed concentrations are normal and exposure is short term. Could even be tolerated long-term depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions and water requirement |
| > 12 | Adverse chronic effects (as above) and effects such as crippling, lameness and weight loss will occur, although short-term exposure could be tolerated depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions and water requirement |
| Fluoride (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 2 | No adverse effects |
| 2 - 4 | Adverse chronic effects associated with dental fluorosis in young livestock and skeletal fluorosis in mature livestock (mottling of teeth, enamel hypoplasia, decreased feed and water intake, decline in productivity) may occur with continuous long-term exposure, but are unlikely if feed concentrations are normal and exposure is short term. Could even be tolerated long-term depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions and water requirement |
| 4 - 6 | Adverse chronic effects (as above) and effects such as crippling, lameness and weight loss may occur, although short-term exposure could be tolerated depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions and water requirement |
| 6 - 12 | As above (crippling, lameness and weight loss) |
| > 12 | As above (crippling, lameness and weight loss) |
| Sodium (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 2 000 | No adverse effects |
| 2 000 - 2 500 | Adverse chronic effects such as reduced feed and water intake with a decline in productivity may occur, but will most likely be temporary and normal production should continue once stock are adapted; see TDS |
| 2 500 - 4 000 | Adverse chronic effects such as reduced feed and water intake with a decline in productivity may occur, but will most likely be temporary and normal production should continue once stock are adapted; see TDS |
| > 4 000 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects (osmotic disturbance and related effects) may occur. May be tolerated in the short term depending on site-specific factors such as water requirement |
| Sodium (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 2 000 | No adverse effects |
| 2 000 - 2 500 | Adverse chronic effects such as reduced feed and water intake with a decline in productivity may occur, but will most likely be temporary and normal production should continue once stock are adapted; see TDS |
| 2 500 - 4 000 | Adverse chronic effects such as reduced feed and water intake with a decline in productivity may occur, but will most likely be temporary and normal production should continue once stock are adapted; see TDS |
| > 4 000 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects (osmotic disturbance and related effects) may occur. May be tolerated in the short term depending on site-specific factors such as water requirement |
| Sodium (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 2 000 | No adverse effects |
| 2 000 - 2 500 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects (osmotic disturbance and related effects) may occur. May be tolerated in the short term depending on site-specific factors such as water requirement |
| 2 500 - 4 000 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects (osmotic disturbance and related effects) may occur. May be tolerated in the short term depending on site-specific factors such as water requirement |
| > 4 000 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects (osmotic disturbance and related effects) may occur. May be tolerated in the short term depending on site-specific factors such as water requirement |
| Sulphate (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 1 000 | No adverse effects |
| 1 000 - 1 500 | Adverse chronic effects may occur, such as diarrhoea, adverse palatability effects (decline in water/feed intake), and poor productivity. Most likely temporary; normal production should continue within a few days once stock are adapted. Young stock are less tolerant than mature stock |
| 1 500 - 2 000 | Increased possibility of adverse chronic effects in mature stock and a possibility of acute effects such as severe diarrhoea and refusal to consume water (young stock) may occur. If stock have been adapted to sulphate concentrations close to the upper limit of the TWQR, adaptation to this range should occur within a few days |
| > 2 000 | Adverse chronic and acute effects may occur with both mature and young stock. Depending on production system, nutritional status, degree of adaptation, and interactions of other salts present, concentrations far in excess of this may be tolerated without adverse effects |
| Aluminium (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 5 | No adverse effects |
| 5 - 10 | Adverse chronic effects such as neurotoxicity may occur but are unlikely if feed concentrations are normal, exposure is short term, and dietary calcium and phosphorus intake is adequate; could even be tolerated long-term depending on site-specific factors such as water requirement |
| > 10 | Adverse chronic and acute effects such as neurotoxicity may occur, although short-term exposure can be tolerated depending on site-specific factors such as adequate calcium and phosphate intake and water requirement |
The middle band's text distinguishes sensitive species (pigs, poultry) from larger animals (cattle, sheep, goats, horses); the source presents this as one table with a single set of ranges, not separate species columns, so it is reproduced here as one 'All Species' column.
| Arsenic (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 1.0 | No adverse effects |
| 1.0 - 1.5 | Sensitive species (pigs, poultry): adverse acute effects such as haemorrhagic diarrhoea and dehydration may occur, though short-term exposure is usually tolerated. Larger animals (cattle, sheep, goats, horses): acute effects unlikely unless feed arsenic is also elevated; could be tolerated long-term depending on site-specific factors such as water requirement |
| > 1.5 | Adverse acute effects may occur, particularly in more sensitive species, although short-term exposure could be tolerated depending on site-specific factors such as adequate zinc intake and water requirement |
| Boron (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 5 | No adverse effects |
| 5 - 50 | Adverse chronic effects (decreased feed intake, weight loss) may occur but are unlikely if feed concentrations are normal and exposure is short term; ruminants may be more tolerant than monogastrics. Could even be tolerated long-term depending on site-specific factors such as boron concentration in feed and water requirement |
| > 50 | Adverse chronic effects may occur (as above), although short-term exposure may be tolerated depending on site-specific factors such as boron concentration in feed and water requirement |
| Cadmium (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 0.01 | No adverse effects |
| 0.01 - 0.02 | Adverse chronic effects such as anaemia, testicular degeneration, reduced feed intake and milk production, and reduced growth may occur, but are unlikely with short-term exposure and adequate dietary protein, calcium and phosphorus. Adverse acute effects (abortions, stillbirths, hepato- and nephrotoxicity) may occur, with suckling and pregnant livestock principally at risk. Could even be tolerated long-term depending on site-specific factors such as water requirement and Ca:P ratio |
| > 0.02 | Adverse chronic and acute effects (as above) may occur, although short-term exposure could be tolerated depending on feed cadmium concentration, adequate dietary protein/calcium/phosphorus, and water requirement |
| Calcium (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 1 000 | No adverse effects |
| 1 000 - 2 000 | Adverse chronic effects such as hypercalcaemia and adverse palatability effects (decline in water/feed intake, weight loss) may occur, but are unlikely if stock have adapted to the water, feed Ca:P ratios are within nutritional limits, and exposure is short term; ruminants tolerate a wider Ca:P range than monogastrics. Could even be tolerated long-term depending on site-specific factors |
| > 2 000 | Adverse chronic effects may occur (as above), although short-term exposure may be tolerated depending on adaptation, feed Ca:P ratios, and water requirement |
| Chromium(VI) (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 1 | No adverse effects |
| 1 - 2 | Adverse chronic effects such as diarrhoea may occur, but are unlikely if feed concentrations are normal and exposure is short term. Can even be tolerated long-term depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions and water requirement |
| > 2 | Adverse chronic effects such as diarrhoea and possible carcinogenic effects may occur, although short-term exposure could be tolerated depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions and water requirement |
| Cobalt (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 1 | No adverse effects |
| 1 - 2 | Adverse chronic effects such as inappetence and weight loss may occur, but are unlikely if feed concentrations are normal and exposure is short term. Could even be tolerated long-term depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions and water requirement |
| > 2 | Adverse chronic effects (as above) may occur, although short-term exposure can be tolerated depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions and water requirement |
| Copper (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 0.5 | Target Water Quality Range -- no adverse effects |
| 0.5 - 1 | Target Water Quality Range -- no adverse effects |
| 1 - 2 | Target Water Quality Range -- no adverse effects |
| 2 - 5 | Target Water Quality Range -- no adverse effects |
| 5 - 10 | Adverse chronic effects (as above) may occur, but are unlikely if there is adequate Mo and S intake, feed concentrations are normal, and exposure is short term. Can even be tolerated long-term depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions and water requirement |
| > 10 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as liver damage and haemolytic jaundice may occur, although short-term exposure can be tolerated depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions and water requirement |
| Copper (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 0.5 | Target Water Quality Range -- no adverse effects |
| 0.5 - 1 | Target Water Quality Range -- no adverse effects |
| 1 - 2 | Moderate: adverse chronic effects (as above) may occur, but are unlikely if there is adequate Mo and S intake, feed concentrations are normal, and exposure is short term. Can even be tolerated long-term depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions and water requirement |
| 2 - 5 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as liver damage and haemolytic jaundice may occur, although short-term exposure can be tolerated depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions and water requirement |
| 5 - 10 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as liver damage and haemolytic jaundice may occur, although short-term exposure can be tolerated depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions and water requirement |
| > 10 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as liver damage and haemolytic jaundice may occur, although short-term exposure can be tolerated depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions and water requirement |
| Copper (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 0.5 | Target Water Quality Range -- no adverse effects |
| 0.5 - 1 | Mild: adverse chronic effects such as diarrhoea and liver damage can occur, but may be tolerated if there is adequate Mo and S intake, feed concentrations are normal, and exposure is short term. Can even be tolerated long-term depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions and water requirement |
| 1 - 2 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as liver damage and haemolytic jaundice may occur, although short-term exposure can be tolerated depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions and water requirement |
| 2 - 5 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as liver damage and haemolytic jaundice may occur, although short-term exposure can be tolerated depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions and water requirement |
| 5 - 10 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as liver damage and haemolytic jaundice may occur, although short-term exposure can be tolerated depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions and water requirement |
| > 10 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as liver damage and haemolytic jaundice may occur, although short-term exposure can be tolerated depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions and water requirement |
Source states that the adverse effects of excessive iron intake are NOT well documented in South Africa.
| Iron (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 10 | No adverse effects |
| 10 - 50 | Adverse chronic effects such as liver and pancreas damage may occur, but are unlikely if feed concentrations are normal and exposure is short term. Could even be tolerated long-term depending on site-specific factors such as adequate phosphate intake and water requirement |
| > 50 | Adverse chronic and acute effects such as diarrhoea, vomiting, acidosis and respiratory failure, and liver and pancreas damage respectively, may occur, although short-term exposure could be tolerated depending on site-specific factors such as adequate phosphate intake and water requirement |
| Lead (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 0.1 | No adverse effects |
| 0.1 - 0.2 | No adverse effects |
| 0.2 - 0.5 | No adverse effects |
| 0.5 - 1 | Adverse chronic effects such as anorexia, emaciation and possible respiratory distress may occur, but are unlikely if feed concentrations are normal and exposure is short term. Can even be tolerated long-term depending on site-specific factors such as adequate dietary protein intake and water requirement |
| > 1 | Adverse chronic effects (as above) and acute effects such as excessive excitability, frothing from the mouth, muscular tremors, convulsions and hind limb inco-ordination may occur, although short-term exposure could be tolerated depending on site-specific factors such as adequate dietary protein intake and water requirement |
| Lead (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 0.1 | No adverse effects |
| 0.1 - 0.2 | Adverse chronic effects such as anorexia, emaciation and possible respiratory distress may occur, but are unlikely if feed concentrations are normal and exposure is short term. Can even be tolerated long-term depending on site-specific factors such as adequate dietary protein intake and water requirement |
| 0.2 - 0.5 | Adverse chronic effects (as above) and acute effects such as excessive excitability, frothing from the mouth, muscular tremors, convulsions and hind limb inco-ordination may occur, although short-term exposure could be tolerated depending on site-specific factors such as adequate dietary protein intake and water requirement |
| 0.5 - 1 | Adverse chronic effects (as above) and acute effects such as excessive excitability, frothing from the mouth, muscular tremors, convulsions and hind limb inco-ordination may occur, although short-term exposure could be tolerated depending on site-specific factors such as adequate dietary protein intake and water requirement |
| > 1 | Adverse chronic effects (as above) and acute effects such as excessive excitability, frothing from the mouth, muscular tremors, convulsions and hind limb inco-ordination may occur, although short-term exposure could be tolerated depending on site-specific factors such as adequate dietary protein intake and water requirement |
| Magnesium (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 500 | No adverse effects |
| 500 - 1 000 | Adverse chronic effects such as lethargy and decreased feed intake may occur, but will most likely be temporary and normal production should continue once stock have adapted; see TDS |
| > 1 000 | Adverse chronic effects as above, and acute effects such as diarrhoea may occur. May be tolerated for shorter exposure time depending on site-specific factors and adaptation. Stock may subsist under certain conditions, but production will, in all likelihood, decline; see TDS |
| Magnesium (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 500 | No adverse effects |
| 500 - 1 000 | Adverse chronic and acute effects such as loss of co-ordination, decreased feed intake and performance, and diarrhoea may occur. May be tolerated for short exposure time depending on site-specific factors and adaptation. Stock may subsist under certain conditions, but production will, in all likelihood, decline; see TDS |
| > 1 000 | Adverse chronic and acute effects (as above) may occur. May be tolerated for short exposure time depending on site-specific factors and adaptation. Stock may subsist under certain conditions, but production will, in all likelihood, decline; see TDS |
| Manganese (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 10 | No adverse effects |
| 10 - 50 | Adverse chronic effects such as weight loss due to inappetence may occur, but are unlikely if feed concentrations are normal and exposure is short term. Could even be tolerated long-term depending on site-specific factors such as adequate intake of calcium, phosphorus and iron, and water requirement |
| > 50 | Adverse chronic effects such as weight loss and anaemia (where iron intake is not adequate) may occur, although short-term exposure could be tolerated depending on site-specific factors (as above) |
| Mercury (µg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 1 | No adverse effects |
| 1 - 6 | Adverse chronic effects may occur if mercury is in the organic form, but should be tolerated with adequate zinc/selenium intake, normal feed concentrations, and short-term exposure. Could even be tolerated long-term depending on site-specific factors such as adequate dietary protein intake and water requirement |
| > 6 | Adverse chronic and acute effects such as neuro-, hepato- and renal toxicity may occur, although short-term exposure could be tolerated depending on site-specific factors (as above) |
| Molybdenum (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 0.01 | No adverse effects |
| 0.01 - 0.02 | Adverse chronic effects such as weight loss and anaemia may occur, but are unlikely with adequate Cu and SO4 intake, normal feed concentrations, and short-term exposure. Cattle are less tolerant than sheep, pigs and poultry to excess molybdenum. Could even be tolerated long-term depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions and water requirement |
| > 0.02 | Adverse chronic effects such as incoordination and infertility, and acute effects such as persistent diarrhoea, are likely, although short-term exposure could be tolerated depending on site-specific factors (as above) |
Source table has a printed gap between the TWQR upper bound (1 mg/L) and the next band's lower bound (2 mg/L) -- confirmed against the page image, this is not an extraction error. The 1-2 mg/L range is simply not addressed in the source table.
| Nickel (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 1 | No adverse effects |
| 2 - 5 | No adverse effects |
| 5 - 10 | Adverse chronic effects such as reduced growth may occur, but are unlikely if feed concentrations are normal and exposure is short term. Could even be tolerated long-term depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions and water requirement |
| > 10 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as possible adverse reproductive effects may occur, although short-term exposure may be tolerated depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions and water requirement |
| Nickel (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 1 | No adverse effects |
| 2 - 5 | Adverse chronic effects such as reduced growth may occur, but are unlikely if feed concentrations are normal and exposure is short term. Could even be tolerated long-term depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions and water requirement |
| 5 - 10 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as possible adverse reproductive effects may occur, although short-term exposure may be tolerated depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions and water requirement |
| > 10 | Adverse chronic (as above) and acute effects such as possible adverse reproductive effects may occur, although short-term exposure may be tolerated depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions and water requirement |
Explicitly labelled a 'Tentative Guideline' in the source; the source's own note states selenium requirements and influencing factors are not well defined, and that toxicity via water intake alone is very rare.
| Selenium (µg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 50 | No adverse effects |
| 50 - 75 | Adverse chronic effects such as a decrease in feed and water intake, weight loss, loss of hair, sloughing off of hooves, lameness and a decline in productivity may occur, but are unlikely if feed concentrations are normal and exposure is short term. Could even be tolerated long-term depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions and water requirement |
| > 75 | Adverse chronic effects (as above) and acute effects such as diarrhoea, loss of appetite, breathing difficulties, locomotory and posture abnormalities and bloating may occur, although short-term exposure could be tolerated depending on site-specific factors (as above) |
Explicitly labelled a 'Tentative Guideline' in the source; toxicity due to water intake is described as rare, with only scant supporting data.
| Vanadium (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 1 | No adverse effects |
| 1 - 2 | Adverse chronic effects such as diarrhoea, emaciation, staring coat and reduced growth rate may occur, but are unlikely if feed concentrations are normal and exposure is short term. Could even be tolerated long-term depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions and water requirement |
| > 2 | Adverse chronic effects (as above) and acute effects such as diarrhoea and emaciation may occur, although short-term exposure could be tolerated depending on site-specific factors (as above) |
| Zinc (mg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 20 | No adverse effects |
| 20 - 40 | Adverse chronic effects such as inappetence, anaemia, icterus and diarrhoea may occur, but are unlikely if feed concentrations are normal, calcium intake is adequate, and exposure is short term. Could even be tolerated long-term depending on site-specific factors such as nutritional interactions and water requirement |
| > 40 | Adverse chronic effects (as above) and acute effects such as haemolysis and icterus may occur, although short-term exposure could be tolerated depending on site-specific factors (as above) |
Two parallel indicators are given in the source: blue-green algae colony count (colonies/0.5 mL, the preferred field method) and Microcystis cell count (2 000 cells/mL threshold); visible scum presence is also part of the criteria. This chapter does not use the standard numeric-range/species-table format seen elsewhere in the guideline.
| Algae (Toxic Blue-green Algae) (colonies/0.5 mL) | Effect |
|---|---|
| No visible blue-green scum; < 6 colonies of blue-green algae/0.5 mL (< 2 000 Microcystis cells/mL) | Target Water Quality Range -- no adverse effects |
| No visible blue-green scum; > 6 colonies of blue-green algae/0.5 mL (> 2 000 Microcystis cells/mL) | Low risk of acute toxic effects -- vigilance for scum formation should be increased |
| Visible blue-green scum present; > 6 colonies of blue-green algae/0.5 mL (> 2 000 Microcystis cells/mL) | High risk of acute toxic effects -- do not allow livestock to drink from or have contact with the scum |
Explicitly labelled a 'Tentative Guideline' in the source. Criteria are percentile-based (the count threshold that must not be exceeded by more than 20% or 50% of samples), not simple concentration bands; range_display preserves the source's compound wording, and range_min/max reflect the numeric count bounds only.
| Pathogens (Faecal Coliforms) (count/100mL) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 200; 0 - 1 000 for < 20% of samples | No adverse effects |
| 200 - 1 000; 1 000 - 5 000 for < 20% of samples | Significant risk of infection |
| 200 - 1 000 for > 50% of samples | Samples must be scanned to determine species present, before allowing stock access -- significant risk of infection |
| 1 000 - 5 000 for > 50% of samples | Samples must be scanned to determine species present, before allowing stock access -- significant risk of infection |
| Pathogens (Faecal Coliforms) (count/100mL) | Effect |
|---|---|
| 0 - 200; 0 - 1 000 for < 20% of samples | No adverse effects |
| 200 - 1 000; 1 000 - 5 000 for < 20% of samples | No adverse effects likely |
| 200 - 1 000 for > 50% of samples | Significant risk associated with use |
| 1 000 - 5 000 for > 50% of samples | Significant risk associated with use |
Explicitly labelled a 'Tentative Guideline' in the source. Unlike other chapters, this table gives only a single Target Water Quality Range ceiling per substance (based on Kempster et al., 1980), with no caution/severe exceedance bands or livestock effects data. Each substance is modelled as its own single-band table at twqr tier to reflect this structure faithfully rather than forcing a caution/severe split that the source does not provide.
| Pesticides and Herbicides (µg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| <= 1 µg/L | Target Water Quality Range (based on Kempster et al., 1980); no livestock-specific exceedance/effects data given in source |
| Pesticides and Herbicides (µg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| <= 3 µg/L | Target Water Quality Range (based on Kempster et al., 1980); no livestock-specific exceedance/effects data given in source |
| Pesticides and Herbicides (µg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| <= 50 µg/L | Target Water Quality Range (based on Kempster et al., 1980); no livestock-specific exceedance/effects data given in source |
| Pesticides and Herbicides (µg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| <= 1 µg/L | Target Water Quality Range (based on Kempster et al., 1980); no livestock-specific exceedance/effects data given in source |
| Pesticides and Herbicides (µg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| <= 0.5 µg/L | Target Water Quality Range (based on Kempster et al., 1980); no livestock-specific exceedance/effects data given in source |
| Pesticides and Herbicides (µg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| <= 0.1 µg/L | Target Water Quality Range (based on Kempster et al., 1980); no livestock-specific exceedance/effects data given in source |
| Pesticides and Herbicides (µg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| <= 5 µg/L | Target Water Quality Range (based on Kempster et al., 1980); no livestock-specific exceedance/effects data given in source |
| Pesticides and Herbicides (µg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| <= 1 000 µg/L | Target Water Quality Range (based on Kempster et al., 1980); no livestock-specific exceedance/effects data given in source |
| Pesticides and Herbicides (µg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| <= 5 µg/L | Target Water Quality Range (based on Kempster et al., 1980); no livestock-specific exceedance/effects data given in source |
| Pesticides and Herbicides (µg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| <= 100 µg/L | Target Water Quality Range (based on Kempster et al., 1980); no livestock-specific exceedance/effects data given in source |
| Pesticides and Herbicides (µg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| <= 100 µg/L | Target Water Quality Range (based on Kempster et al., 1980); no livestock-specific exceedance/effects data given in source |
| Pesticides and Herbicides (µg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| <= 20 µg/L | Target Water Quality Range (based on Kempster et al., 1980); no livestock-specific exceedance/effects data given in source |
| Pesticides and Herbicides (µg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| <= 2 µg/L | Target Water Quality Range (based on Kempster et al., 1980); no livestock-specific exceedance/effects data given in source |
| Pesticides and Herbicides (µg/L) | Effect |
|---|---|
| <= 30 µg/L | Target Water Quality Range (based on Kempster et al., 1980); no livestock-specific exceedance/effects data given in source |